Secondary Storage

File Compression

In computer science and information theory, data compression or source coding is the process of encoding information using fewer bits (or other information-bearing units) than an unencoded representation would use, through use of specific encoding schemes. Compression is useful because it helps reduce the consumption of expensive resources, such as hard disk space or transmission bandwidth.

Head Crash

A head crash is a hard-disk failure that occurs when a read–write head of a hard disk drive comes in contact with its rotating platter, resulting in permanent and usually fatal damage to the magnetic media on the platter surface.

Internet Hard Drive

The sole purpose of an Internet hard drive is to offer a means of accessing your computer files (pictures, documents, music, videos, etc.) from any computer, as long as that computer has access to the Internet. Similar to depositing money into your bank account, and later withdrawing that same money from any ATM machine, an Internet hard drive will allow you to "deposit" your computer files into a remote hard drive, and then later access those very same files from any other computer.

Optical Disc Drive

In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs.

Solid-state Storage

Solid-state storage is a nonvolatile, removable storage medium that employs integrated circuits (ICs) rather than magnetic or optical media. It is the equivalent of large-capacity, nonvolatile memory. Examples include flash memory Universal Serial Bus (USB) devices and various proprietary removable packages intended to replace external hard drives.

Input and output

Ergonomic Keyboard

It is a keyboard with ergonomic consideration to minimize the muscle strain and a host of related problems.

Ink-jet Printer

An ink-jet printer is a type of printer that creates a digital image by propelling variable-sized droplet of ink onto the paper. Most people prefer ink-jet printer and a very large range from inexpensive consumer model to very large professional machine.

Laser Printer

Laser printer is a common type of printer that print rapidly produces high quality text and graphic on plain paper. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographic printing process but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor

Magnetic-ink character reader (MICR)

The technology allows computers to read information (such as account numbers) off of printed documents. Unlike barcodes or similar technologies, however, MICR codes can be easily read by humans.
MICR characters are printed in special typefaces with a magnetic ink or toner, usually containing iron oxide. As a machine decodes the MICR text, it first magnetizes the characters in the plane of the paper. Then the characters are passed over a MICR read head, a device similar to the playback head of a tape recorder. As each character passes over the head it produces a unique waveform that can be easily identified by the system.

Optical-character recognition (OCR)

The mechanical or electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files, to computerize a record-keeping system in an office, or to publish the text on a website. OCR makes it possible to edit the text, search for a word or phrase, store it more compactly, display or print a copy free of scanning artifacts, and apply techniques such as machine translation, text-to-speech and text mining to it.

Optical-mark Recognition (OMR)

The process of capturing human-marked data from document forms such as surveys and tests.

The system Unit

Flash Memory

Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives, MP3 players and solid-state drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products.

Graphic Cards

A graphics card or also video card is a piece of hardware installed in a computer that is responsible for rendering the image on the computer’s monitor or display screen. Graphics cards come in many varieties with varying features

Sound Cards

A sound card or also known as an audio card is a computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

A network interface controller is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network. The controller may also be referred to as a network adapter

Plug n Play

In the world of computing, 'plug and play is a term used to describe the characteristic of a universal serial bus, or device specification, which facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system, without the need for physical device configuration, or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts. Plug and play refers to both the boot-time assignment of device resources, and to hotplug systems such as USB and Firewire.

Bus line

Device on a computer's motherboard that provides a data path between the CPU and attached devices such as keyboard, mouse, disk drives, video cards, etc.

HDMI

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a compact audio and video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data.

Cache Memory

Cache (pronounced cash) memory is extremely fast memory that is built into a computer’s central processing unit (CPU), or located next to it on a separate chip. The CPU uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs, improving overall system speed. The advantage of cache memory is that the CPU does not have to use the motherboard’s system bus for data transfer.

Basic Application Software

Graphical User Interface

Touch screen with Graphical User Interface

Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a type of interface that enable users to interact with program in more than just typing such as computer, hand-held devices like MP3 players also portable media player and many more. It also takes advantage of the computer's graphics capabilities in order to make the certain program to be used easily.

Some of the examples :

Windows : You can divide the screen into different areas. In each window, you can run a different program or display a different file.

Menus : Most graphical user interfaces allow you to execute commands by selecting your choice from the menu.

Desktop : The area on the display screen where icons are grouped is often referred to as the desktop because the icons are intended to represent real objects on a real desktop

Word Processor

A word processor is also known as the 'Document Preparation System'. A word processor plays a vital role in performing word processing by using a computer application to create, edit and print documents. Word processor allows us to create a document, store it electronically on a dick, display it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, then print it on a printer.

Spreadsheet

A table of values arranged in rows and columns. Each value can have a predefined relationship to the other values. If you change one value, therefore, you may need to change other values as well.

Spreadsheet applications (sometimes referred to simply as spreadsheets) are computer programs that let you create and manipulate spreadsheets electronically. In a spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell. You can define what type of data is in each cell and how different cells depend on one another. The relationships between cells are called formulas, and the names of the cells are called labels.

Data Management system (DBMS)

A collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.

The Internet and the web

File Transfer Protocol

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is known as the network protocol, which used to exchange file between computer in the internetr through a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)-based network. It is one of the very simple way to transfer files to and from an FTP server. One of the example is Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which responsible in transfering displayable web pages and related files. Besides, Simple Mail Protocol is also one of the FTP, which helps to transfer email from one to another

Plug-ins

Plug-ins is a programs that easily be installed and used as a part of your Web browser. One of the examples that commonly used by us is Adobe Flash Player. It is a plug-ins that allow us to stream Video in the internet.

Filters

Filter is known as a higher-order function that processes a data structure so as to produce a new data structure containing exactly those elements of the original data structure.

Internet Security Suite

Internet Security Suite is something in the computer use to defend your computer from being affected by viruses, spyware and bugs looking to sneak their way into your electronic existence, for example, hacking. It is highly encouraged before your computer are affected, instead of after being affected. Some people just realized that it is important after.

Wiki

Wiki is a website which enable you to create your own web page, also edit of any number of interlinked web pages through a web browser. Wiki is basically powered by wiki software, normally creates collaborative wiki websites.

Javascript

Javascript is a program which is used to make a certain web page interactive. It functions well in your visitor's computer, leading them not to download constantly from your web site. An applet is a program written in the Java programming language that can be included in an HTML page, much in the same way an image is included in a page. When you use a Java technology-enabled browser to view a page that contains an applet, the applet's code is transferred to your system and executed by the browser's Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

HTML

HTML stands for Hypertext Makeup Language. It is known as the primary programming language used to write on the Web. It is written in a form of HTML elements consisting of tags surrounded by angle bracket, for example, , , and so on.

URL

Url stands for Uniform Resources Locator. It specifies where an identified resource is available and mechanism for retrieving it. The most well-known URL for the addresses of web pages is the World Wide Web.

Career in IT

What is computer?
Computer is a machine that receives input, stores and manipulate data and provides output in a useful format. There are some careers in IT that are available. Some of the examples are, webmaster, computer support specialist, technical writer, software engineering, networking administrator, system analyst and programmer.

Webmaster

Basically, what a webmaster do is to create websites. They are the one who turns art and words into the internet that people can use. They provide instruction to the computer how art and words should look on the computer screen so as to allow every computer to be able to read them. Making the site work faster can also be done by the Webmaster. They help to keep the size of the files in the internet, so as to allow the computer to download the certain item in the internet with the minimum time. Some sites just cannot help with it, because of the size of the files in the certain sites.


Webmaster also test sites. They watch people using the sites to see if they have any difficulty in using the certain sites or not. Therefore, they are also responsible to update web sites by adding new features, fixing the sites and many more. Webmaster can also decide when to send information to the site.

Computer Support Specialis

They help people with computer problems. The computer support specialists will ask the users about what have they done to the computer that have led them to the problem. If it is caused by the users, the computer support specialist will explain to the users how the problem occurred and how to fix the problems. Computer support specialist can help the user to fix it over the phone, face-to-face or even by email.


Most of us thought that computer support specialist only helps to fix computer, but it is not true. They also help to install printers, softwares and any other computer tools. Some computer support specialists even write instruction books or manual. Since, they know how to install them and write manual, they can obviously teach the user how to use them.

Technical Writer.

A technical writer is a professional writer who designs, creates and maintains technical documentation. This documentation includes user guides, white papers, system manuals and many more.
Professionals such as engineer, scientist, computer programmer, and many others, will send their work to technical writer in order the system to work well by editing, proofreading and formating the system in the computer.

Software Engineering

It is also known as the application of engineering science, project management, and other techniques to create computer software. Software Engineering is a profession in which working to design or modify software in order a certain software to work better or faster.

Networking Administrator

Networking Administrator is the one who in charge of the maintenance of the computer hardware and software system that make up a computer network. In this case, Networking Administrator focuses more on the router and servers instead of the CPU, hard disc, speaker and so on. Although they are in charge of the maintenance of the computer, they do not involved with direct user support. Software, like our MSN, e-mails, skype and many other networking program we own in our computer/laptop are being maintained, updated and well managed. They also work on creating and removing your accounts, as well as firewalls.

System Analyst

They research on problems, plans solution, coordinate development to meet some certain requirement to make things easier and many more. They also recommend on what kind of software to purchase. As they are the one who research on problems, they are responsible to improve the computer. Therefore, they have left no option but to analyst on both hardware and software.


In this case, they are customizing on computers configuration like the processor speed, amount of Random Access Memory (RAM), hard drive space, video card, and monitor size, while the software side includes the operating system and application.

Computer Programmer

Computer programmer specialize in writing software programs. They get ideas from the software engineer or system analyst, then computer programmer will be in charge in converting the information into computer language in order the computer to work well. They also work with existing software to update or modify them to a better system.